新澳门六合彩

Learning German phrases or even just some nouns feel so satisfying 鈥� like you鈥檙e really getting somewhere with your growing German skills.

Studying all the 鈥榝iddly grammar bits鈥� — all the tiny words like the, a, some, my, and, but, etc. — that can feel like a tedious slog.

But it鈥檚 those little words that actually get used the most! They help string everything together.

For example, even as a beginner German speaker, it鈥檚 important to know possessive adjectives: important words like my, your, his, her, its, our, and their.

Think about it: whether you鈥檙e referring to a pet, a car, a snack, or whatever 鈥� how often do you use just a generic 鈥榯he鈥� or 鈥榓鈥� 鈥� and how often do you talk about who those things belong to?

Section 1: Possessive adjectives – What you need to know

Two Types of Possessives

The very first thing you need to know is that there鈥檚 some labeling confusion when it comes to 鈥榩ossessive adjectives鈥� 

Possessive adjectives are words such as my, your, his, her, its, our and their. But sometimes these words are called possessive articles or possessive determiners.

Possessive determiner is a much better term to use — it鈥檚 a more accurate description of how you actually use these words in German. Said another way; possessive adjectives = 馃憥 and possessive determiner = 馃憤 (more on this below!).

The other type is possessive pronouns, which are words such as mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, and theirs. 

Those two types of possessives are clearly very similar in English. And they are in German, too!

List of German Possessive Adjectives (again, better term: Possessive Determiners)

Possessive determiners & possessive pronouns have the same German base-words in common:

mein- (my/mine)
dein- (your/yours)
Ihr- (Your/Yours, formal)
sein- (his)
ihr- (her/hers)
sein- (its)
unser- (our/ ours)
euer / eur- (y鈥檃lls)
ihr- (their/theirs)

But the two types of possessives function differently, for example:

My dog is brown vs. That brown dog is mine.

• The possessive determiner — my — comes in front of a noun as part of a noun phrase.
• The possessive pronoun — mine — actually replaces a noun / noun phrase

You can read up on possessive pronouns here, but in this guide, we鈥檙e going to focus on the possessive adjectives (determiners)! 

How to use possessive adjectives (determiners)

Learning those possessive base-words listed above a great start! You do need to have that vocab under your belt.

BUT.

It鈥檚 pretty useless if you 诲辞苍鈥檛 know how to properly use these possessives. 

I know that you can figure out on your own if you want to say my pencil vs. your pencil. That鈥檚 a matter of when to use a possessive, and that鈥檚 simple: just about whenever you would in English!

How to use the possessive base words is a different animal. You need to be able to slightly change those base-words so you can use them as either possessive determiners or pronouns.

How do we do that?

Did you notice those dashes (-) after each German possessive base-word? We need to add some extra letters there, but it鈥檚 a bit of a process to know which ones to use and when.

The conventional way to learn possessive 鈥榓djectives鈥�

With the good intention of trying to make things easier for German students, conventionally, you might see a chart like this for possessive adjectives (determiners):

It has allllll the possessive determiners (with the added extra letters on the ends) spelled out for you (and, then, there鈥檚 a separate chart like this for possessive pronouns).

I know that being able to just pick out the exact word you need has some initial appeal …

But there are a few problems with this conventional method.

Problems with the Conventional Way

Not only is the everything-spelled-out chart pretty dang visually overwhelming and intimidating, but it鈥檚 also a crutch.

It might seem easy right away, but in the long-run, learning this way will hold you back from speaking German as well as you can (<– and you can be fluent if you want to be!).

My final beef with the conventional way: by studying all sorts of separate everything-spelled-out charts (<– there are many more!), you 诲辞苍鈥檛 see the patterns, the relationships, the logic, the ways that all this German grammar stuff actually connects and makes sense.

All of the German grammar details (that at one point or another have probably left you feeling lost, confused, and frustrated) actually tie together really nicely.

German is a really fantastic language! And you can handle even the grammar parts if you know how to learn them smarter, not harder.

Possessive 鈥楢djectives鈥�, the Smarter Way

If you want to speak German well, you need to work with formulas or patterns.

There is too much to try to memorize every isolated word (imagine that chart from above, but x10 鈥� that鈥檚 ~160 separate words, including 6 ways to say 鈥榤y鈥� another 6 for 鈥榶our鈥�, and each of the other possessive adjectives (determiners).

Here鈥檚 the smarter way: You need to understand how you can take base components of German, slightly alter them (<– there are principles & patterns for that) and piece them together in a way that makes sense. 

That鈥檚 how we speak English (without consciously realizing it) and that鈥檚 how you can speak German, too.

Instead of working with conventional charts that spell out each isolated word for you, you can learn a handful of base words and the patterns for what changes need to happen to all of them in particular situations. 

It鈥檚 much more efficient, more effective, requires less brain-power, and supports fluency. Ready?

All-In-One Declensions Chart

Instead of studying multiple charts (not just for possessive determiners, but also for possessive pronouns and many other types of words!) that have all the work done for you, with less overall effort you can learn how to learn German.

Learn how to think for yourself, make the right declension choices, and be empowered as a German-learner! Study just this one chart of all declensions you鈥檒l ever use in German:

This is the full All-In-One Declensions chart, but as we continue our discussion of when & how to use possessive determiners, we鈥檒l actually work with an abbreviated version that suits just that specific need. I just wanted you to briefly see the whole thing as a sneak peek!

Section 2: When & how to use possessive ‘adjectives’ (i.e. determiners)

If you鈥檙e using a possessive 鈥榓djective鈥�, you are using it in combination with a noun. We can鈥檛 just say 鈥榤y鈥� or 鈥榶our鈥� — we have to say 鈥榤y鈥� or 鈥榶our鈥� what (<– noun). 

My pen. Your dog. His shirt. Her ring. 

These possessive ‘adjectives’ are modifying the nouns that come after them. 鈥楳y鈥� is modifying 鈥榩en鈥�. 鈥榊our鈥� is modifying 鈥榙og.鈥� Etc.

Modifying words always come in front of a noun. They always tell us something about that noun — whose pen? whose dog? 

Anytime we modify a noun we have to know three things:

1. What is the noun鈥檚 gender?
2. What is the noun鈥檚 case? 
3. What declension pattern are we using?

If you need some tips for how to know the gender of your noun or how to know the case of your noun, do some background reading on that! 

For our purposes here, I鈥檓 going to assume you鈥檝e got a handle on German noun gender & case (<– hopefully you鈥檙e learning those the smarter, not harder way, too!).

So, keep reading for specific info on what you need to know about using declensions with possessive ‘adjectives’ (determiners).

Everything you need to know about declensions

Words that need declensions

The 鈥榮light changes鈥� that happen on the tailends of many words in German are called declensions. Declensions are just these FIVE single-letters: -m, -r, -n, -s, -e. 

One of these 5 declension options has to be put on the tailend of every word that modifies a noun — i.e. comes in front of a noun (within the noun phrase).

There are 2 types of words that modify nouns and therefore need declensions: 

Determiners: a, the, some, few, this, etc. that tell us how many of the noun or which one.

Adjectives: describe some feature of the noun (e.g. big, small, round, flat, blue).

This is why it鈥檚 important to call possessive 鈥榓djectives鈥� possessive determiners. Because there are just those 2 types of words that come in front of nouns (<– modify nouns), but they work differently!

And the possessive 鈥榓djectives鈥� my, your, his, her, its, our and their 诲辞苍鈥檛 modify nouns the adjective-way — they do it the determiner-way. 馃檪 

How it works

You saw these base possessives above:

mein- (my/mine)
dein- (your/yours)
Ihr- (Your/Yours, formal)
sein- (his)
ihr- (her/hers)
sein- (its)
unser- (our/ ours)
euer / eur- (y鈥檃lls)
ihr- (their/theirs)

To make these into possessive determiners, you have to put on the correct declensions (-r, -m, -n, -s, -e) because those declensions provide us with crucial information about the modified nouns.

Why declensions are important 

In English, we know who is who in a sentence because of word order. Saying, for example, the man loves the woman means something different from the woman loves the man, right? It鈥檚 the same words, but a different order.

In German, word order isn鈥檛 such a big deal. Because it鈥檚 the declensions that are put onto determiners & adjectives that tell us about the following noun — is it the subject? an object?

Check it out:

Der Mann liebt die Frau.
Die Frau liebt der Mann.

I just translated those English examples word-for-word 鈥� but, the meaning of them both is the same: the man loves the woman. The bolded letters are the declensions that tell us so! 

The declensions on the determiners (der & die are 2 ways to say 鈥榯he鈥� in German) are the same, so the meaning is the same. Even though the word order is different. Cool, huh?

What declensions tell us

German declensions are part of the 鈥�German case system鈥�.&苍产蝉辫;

Every German noun is 鈥榠n a case鈥�: nominative, accusative, dative, or genitive.

The noun鈥檚 case is connected to the role the noun plays in the sentence.

Or, in other words, we have to know what case the noun is in in order to know what it鈥檚 doing in the sentence — is it the subject? the direct object? the indirect object?

Again, the declensions on determiners & adjectives coming in front of nouns (<– that modify those nouns) clue us in to that noun鈥檚 case, so we can know who is who in the sentence.

How declensions work

German鈥檚 5 single-letter declensions (-m, -r, -n, -s, -e) signal or 鈥榝lag鈥� the gender & case of the noun that follows.

The case is the info that actually matters; gender is just part & parcel with each German noun (but doesn鈥檛 actually carry any meaning). So, the noun鈥檚 gender is simply along for the ride. 

In order to put the correct declension on a possessive base (to make it into a possessive determiner), you have to find the right gender/case intersection on this All-In-One Chart and then put on the strong declension listed there:

This is actually an abbreviated version of the full All-In-One Declensions Chart.

 All you need to know for possessive determiners, though, is that they will always take the strong declension 鈥� except in the 3 spots where you see a no declension symbol.

Why possessive determiners sometimes 诲辞苍鈥檛 take a declension at all

The possessive determiners belong to a sub-group of determiners called ein-word determiners (note: all other determiners default to the only other sub-group, der-word determiners). 

The ein-word determiners (ein, kein, irgendein and all the possessive determiners) do NOT take declensions in those 3 spots you see in the chart: 

• masculine nominative
• neuter nominative
• neuter accusative

Except in those 3 spots, ein-word determiners behave like any other [der-word] determiner: they take the strong declension listed for that gender/case intersection.

Examples & Exercises

How to use the All-In-One chart for German possessive pronouns is very simple. 

STEP 1: Know the gender & case of noun you鈥檙e modifying.
STEP 2: Find the corresponding slot on the chart.
STEP 3: Pick the possessive pronoun you want.
STEP 4: Plug the pronoun into the chart by adding the provided ending onto it.

Here again is the list of possessive base-words to which add the correct declensions to make them into possessive determiners specifically (read below for some points on the oddball aspects of these base-word, e.g. have you noticed that some are repeated?).

mein- (my/mine)
dein- (your/yours)
Ihr- (Your/Yours, formal)
sein- (his)
ihr- (her/hers)
sein- (its)
unser- (our/ ours)
euer / eur- (y鈥檃lls)
ihr- (their/theirs)

All right! Let鈥檚 make this real by doing some practice examples with each gender in the nominative (subject) case.

EXERCISE 1: My cat (Katze) is brown.

STEP 1: Katze is in the feminine nominative
STEP 2: Go the 鈥榝eminine鈥� column on top & match up with the 鈥榥ominative鈥� row on the side

STEP 3: my = mein (German possessive base-word)
STEP 4:Plug mein into the selected slot (feminine, nominative) on the chart. 

There is an -e in this spot on the chart, which means we add -e onto mein = meine.

ANSWER: Meine Katze ist braun.

EXERCISE 2: Her horse (Pferd) is white.

STEP 1: Pferd is in the neuter nominative
STEP 2: Go to the 鈥榥euter鈥� column on top & match up with the 鈥榥ominative鈥� row on the side

STEP 3: her = ihr (German possessive base-word)
STEP 4:Plug ihr into the selected slot (neuter, nominative) on the chart.

There is a -s strong declension in this spot on the chart, BUT there is also one of 3 no declension symbols present, which is what we want: we use just ihr with no declension added.

ANSWER: Ihr Pferd ist wei脽

EXERCISE 3: Your dog (Hund) is black.

STEP 1: Hund is in the masculine nominative
STEP 2: Go to the 鈥榤asculine鈥� column on top & match up with the 鈥榥ominative鈥� row on the side

STEP 3: your = dein- (German possessive base-word)
STEP 4:Plug dein into the selected slot (masculine, nominative) on the chart.

Just as with the neuter example, there is a strong declension listed (-r) BUT there is also one of our 3 instances of the no declension symbol. 

For possessive determiners, we opt for the no declension whenever that鈥檚 a listed option. So, we 诲辞苍鈥檛 actually add an ending onto mein for this example.

ANSWER: Dein Hund ist schwarz.

Exercise 4: Our cats (Katzen) are brown.

Step 1: Katzen is in the plural nominative
Step 2: Go to the 鈥榩lural鈥� column on top & match upwith the 鈥榥ominative鈥� row on the side

Step 3: our = unser- (German possessive base-word)
Step 4: plug in the listed strong declension: -e

Answer: Unsere Katzen sind braun.

Summary

These four exercises were all in the nominative case, but we can use this same chart for accusative, dative, and genitive. Just follow the same provided steps! 

If you know the gender [column] of your noun and the case [row] it needs to be in, locating the right spot in the All-In-One Declensions Chart is easy: trace the column & row until your fingers meet!

Possessive Determiners are formed by taking the possessive base-word and adding to it the listed strong declension for your selected gender/case combo. 

Exception: if you鈥檙e in the masculine nominative, neuter nominative, or neuter accusative, your possessive determiner takes no declension at all. 

We didn鈥檛 practice this here, but note that wherever the listed strong declension is any letter other than 鈥榚鈥�, you need to add an 鈥榚鈥� between the possessive base-word and the declension.

Oddball Aspects of German Possessive 鈥楢djectives鈥�

It鈥檚 frequently confusing to German-learners that so many 鈥榣ittle words鈥� (generally various determiners or pronouns) get reused a lot! 

There are two possessive base-words that do double (or triple!) duty. 

• Sein is used to say both 鈥榟is鈥� and 鈥榠ts鈥�. 
• Ihr is how your say 鈥榟er鈥� and 鈥榯heir鈥� and also the formal 鈥榶our鈥�. 

Note that, like 鈥榠hr鈥� as a possessive determiner ^^, all pronouns for the 3rd Person Singular, 3rd Person Plural, and the 2nd Person Formal always match.

You鈥檒l also notice the two ways to say 鈥榶鈥檃lls鈥� (or 鈥榶our鈥�, plural). 

• Euer is the possessive determiner to use ONLY when you鈥檙e NOT adding a declension, which is in just 3 spots: masculine nominative, neuter nominative, neuter accusative

  Euer Baby finde ich ganz niedlich (I think y鈥檃lls baby [neut. acc.] is really cute). 

• The rest of the time, use eur- with the appropriate declension tacked onto the end:

  Eure Babys finde ich ganz niedlich (I think y鈥檃lls babies [plur. acc.] are really cute).

Main Takeaways

1. Possessive adjectives are the words my, your, his, her, its, our and their.
2. In German, these words share the same bases with possessive pronouns.
3. These base-words (e.g. mein-, dein-, sein-, etc.) must have declensions in order to use them!
4. Declensions are just single-letter additions (-m, -r, -n, -s, -e) to the ends of possessive adjectives that signal or 鈥榝lag鈥� the gender & case of the following noun (e.g. meine Katze)
5. To use possessive adjectives, you need to put on the strong declension for matches up with the gender of the noun and the case it is in.
6. Conventional charts spell out all the possible combos for you, but they are slow & inefficient ways to learn that will ultimately hold you back.
7. It鈥檚 smarter to learn with a simplified, condensed chart that requires you to do a little of the work yourself — but it pays big dividends to learn this system (because it applies to many, many other charts beyond just for possessive adjectives)
8. There is also a much better term for possessive adjectives: possessive determiners. This is a time when the grammar terminology actually matters because it reflects how you use these words correctly in German!