An Easier Way to Learn German Declensions:
Congrats! If you鈥檙e searching for 鈥榙eclensions鈥, you鈥檙e already far enough along in learning German to know that it鈥檚 essential to learn declensions if you want to get anywhere!
Declensions are probably the aspect of German that historically causes German-learners the most wailing and gnashing of teeth.
But don鈥檛 worry. It turns out that there鈥檚 a much simpler way to learn declensions. And you鈥檙e not going to hear about it anywhere but here. So, let鈥檚 go!
Key Learnings:
- working with ONE chart (not 10) for declensions
- why declensions patterns bring much needed organization
- how to always know which declension you need
What You Need To Know
Declensions are vital. The German language as such can鈥檛 exist without them. You can barely say anything beyond hallo without using declensions!
German uses declensions to provide crucial information about the nouns in a sentence — so that we can know who is doing what to whom.
In this way, English & German are very different.
English is a analytic language: we know who is doing what to whom in a sentence based on word order.
German is an inflected language: we know who is doing what to whom in a sentence because of the declensions that 鈥榝lag鈥 the role (e.g. subject, direct object) of each noun.
The information that is packed into declensions tell us the gender & case of the noun.
The case of the noun is how we know what role in the sentence it鈥檚 playing. And the gender of the noun is an inseparable feature of the noun that has to come along for the ride.
Since declensions tell us the gender & case of each noun, declensions change dependent on if a noun is masculine, feminine, neuter, or plural AND dependent on if the case is nominative, accusative, dative, or genitive.
Whew! If you鈥檙e not already familiar with some of these concepts, this can sound a little overwhelming. But, don鈥檛 worry, we鈥檒l go over this step-by-step!
Why does German use declensions?
Declensions matter because you can barely say anything beyond ja, nein, and hallo! without working with declensions. They are a big deal!
OK, but why?!
I will answer that question. Let鈥檚 first lay some groundwork.
How Sentences Have Meaning
We couldn鈥檛 just say The man the child the woman, right?
That鈥檚 not a full sentence. It doesn鈥檛 have any meaning. It鈥檚 missing crucial elements that tell us how the man, the child, and the woman relate to each other.
There are different ways of stringing information together so that it makes sense.
How Sentences Work in English
In English, we know 鈥渨ho is doing what to whom鈥 because of word order.
Check out these examples:
The man gives the child to the woman.
The woman gives the child to the man.
Both of these sentences use the exact same components, but the meaning is changed because the word order is changed!
How Sentences Work in German
In German, however, we don鈥檛 know which noun is in which 鈥榮lot鈥 because of the word order.
Rather, the words that come in front of nouns indicate 鈥渨ho is doing what to whom鈥 because of their declensions!
Check out those same two sentences translated to German. The words with bolded letters that come in front of the nouns are the ones that change — do you see it?
Der Mann gibt der Frau das Kind. (鈥楾he man gives to the woman the child鈥)
Dem Mann gibt die Frau das Kind. (鈥楾he woman gives to the man the child鈥)
In these examples, all of the words with bolded letters on the end are different forms of 鈥榯he鈥. The bolded letters themselves (<– the small changes!) are the declensions.
And that is how the meaning of the sentences changed even though the word order 诲颈诲苍鈥檛!
Declensions, The Smarter Way
Traditionally, German students are introduced to lots and lots of separate charts for all the words that take declensions.
You鈥檇 have all these charts thrown at you:
Definite Articles (der, die, das, etc.)
Indefinite Articles (ein, eine etc.)
Demonstratives / der-words (dies-, jed-, etc.)
Indefinite Pronouns
Relative Pronouns (der, dessen, etc.)
Possessive Pronouns
Possessive Adjectives (mein, dein, etc.)
Strong Adjectives (No Determiner)
Weak Adjectives (With Determiner)
Mixed Adjectives (with ein-word Determiners)
Learning these individual charts can seem deceptively easy – all the work is done for you – it鈥檚 all spelled out. For example, if you need to say 鈥榯he鈥, there鈥檚 a chart for that!
But almost every chart has 16 words. With 10 charts, 迟丑补迟鈥檚 up to 160 words to memorize. OUCH.
The good news is that all these charts have much more in common than not.
That means that it鈥檚 possible to combine them all into ONE chart and just mention a handful of special exceptions — then all our bases are covered!
All-In-One Declensions Chart
Instead of memorizing chart after chart of the many possible solutions, we can simply memorize the formula which lets us 鈥榩lug in鈥 any word that needs a declension and replace ALL of the charts listed above.
It might be a little more work up front, but understanding one chart instead of memorizing 10 different charts with just itty bitty differences is going to help you be a better German learner in the long run.
Don鈥檛 find yourself being dependent on all these charts! Memorize the principles. If you do, you鈥檒l be able to 鈥榩lug鈥 the information into the All-In-One Chart to get the answer that you need. Soon, you won鈥檛 even need this chart!
I鈥檓 going to show you how!
How The Chart Works
What all the charts on that long list above have in common are the very last letters that get put onto the words.
And those letters (-r, -e, -s, -n, -m) are declensions. We add them to the ends of all those types of words listed above (articles, pronouns, adjectives, etc.) to 鈥榝lag鈥 the roles of the nouns.
But, again, instead of memorizing 10 charts with the declensions tacked onto all those different types of words, we can learn smarter, not harder by memorizing just the declensions themselves.
The All-In-One Declensions Chart lists just the declensions. I will soon also give you the important step-by-step directions so you know how to properly use it. But first, check it out!
In the Digging Deeper section below, I will explain all the terms & concepts you need to know in order to use this All-In-One Chart to replace all 10 of those charts.
First, we鈥檒l dive deeper into how the chart fits in with understanding declensions.
Digging Deeper
In this section, you will learn how to master declensions with the All-In-One Declensions Chart. Including:
- determiners (including der-words and ein-words)
- how to determine noun gender
- how to determine noun case
- basic declension patterns
- rulebreaker plural determiners
- zero word determiners
How Declensions Work in German
We鈥檝e established what declensions are: just single letters (-r, -e, -s, -n, -m) added to the ends of specific words.
And we鈥檝e talked about why declensions are crucial: because they signal the gender & case of nouns (<– and 迟丑补迟鈥檚 important because German is an inflected language).
That leaves us with the topic of how declensions work, which we鈥檒l unpack now!
Words that need declensions
We have to put a declension on words that come in front of nouns as part of the noun phrase.
Remember: A noun phrase would be like ‘the bratty kid,’ ‘a lonely buffalo,’ ‘some red flowers,’ where ‘kid,’ ‘buffalo,’ and ‘flowers’ are the nouns and the other words 鈥 are what we鈥檙e going to talk about!
Now you might be thinking 鈥渁h, ok, all those words from that long, scary list of the conventional 10 charts 鈥 articles, pronouns, adjectives, etc.鈥
Yes and no.
I do mean those words, but we鈥檙e going to classify them the smarter, simpler way:
All the words that come in front of nouns are either determiners OR adjectives.
Determiners: a, the, some, few, this, etc. that tell us how many of the noun or which one.
Adjectives: describe some feature of the noun (e.g. big, small, round, flat, blue).
So, determiners & adjectives are the two types of words (that come in front of nouns in noun phrases) that take declensions.
鈥楶lugging鈥 words into the Chart
In terms of our All-In-One Declensions Chart, you can think of the determiners & adjectives getting 鈥榩lugged in鈥 chart, taking the single-letter declensions listed and tacking it on like a tail.
For example, if I need to plug in the determiner this (dies-), dependent on where in the chart it needs to go, I might get any of these values: dieser, diese, dieses, diesen, diesem.
Similarly, if I need to plug in the adjective small (klein-), I鈥檇 get these values: kleiner, kleine, kleines, kleinen, kleinem, dependent on where in the chart I need to take the declension from.
This means that in order to actually pick out the correct declensions, you need some information!
For starters, you need to know the gender & case of the noun in order to identify the right area of the chart to work with.
For example, if you鈥檙e working with a feminine noun (e.g. Butter) and it鈥檚 the subject in the sentence: The yellow butter tastes delicious, then you know you need to be in the area where the feminine column and the nominative row meet up.
But then, you still have two declensions to choose from. Now what?
Types of Declensions
After you鈥檝e got the gender & case of the noun sorted out, there鈥檚 still some more work to do: you have to figure out which declensions you need!
There are 2 types of declensions (you can see this in the All-In-One Declensions Chart above!):
- Strong declensions better (but not flawlessly) indicate the gender/case of the noun because they are the most varied.
- Weak declensions do not indicate the gender/case of the noun because they have almost no variation (there are just two options: -e or -en).
All the bolded declensions in the examples below are strong declensions:
Der Mann gibt der Frau das Kind. (鈥楾he man gives to the woman the child鈥)
Dem Mann gibt die Frau das Kind. (鈥楾he woman gives to the man the child鈥)
In a very limited number of instances, there might also be no declension at all (keep reading!)
How to Use Declensions
To properly use declensions in German, you need to know the following:
- What gender is the noun?
- What case is the noun supposed to be in?
- Which (of 4) declension patterns are you using?
If you can answer these questions, you will always know which declension –strong or weak (or none!) is needed on each determiner and/or adjective.
1. How to Know the Gender of Any German Noun
One way to wrestle with German noun gender is to simply memorize every noun connected with either der, die, or das so that you (hopefully) remember what gender that noun has:
der Mann (the man [masculine])
die Frau (the woman [feminine])
das Kind (the child [neuter])
BUT there are some clever shortcuts that can save you a lot of time.
German noun genders are determined by either by group or by form.
Noun Group Examples:
Masculine (der):
- Male persons and animals
- mountains and mountain ranges
- alcoholic and plant-based drinks
Feminine (die):
- Female persons and animals
- Airplanes, motorcycles, ships
- Numerals used as nouns
Neuter (das):
- Young persons and baby animals
- scientific units & measurements
- other parts of speech used as nouns (gerunds, colors, languages, English -ing forms)
Noun Form Examples:
The end of nouns, or, the suffix is what determines the gender of the noun.
There are certain suffixes that are almost exclusively masculine, feminine, and neuter.
Masculine: -ant, -ast, -ich, -ig, -ismus, -ling, -or, -us
Feminine: -a, -anz, -enz, -ei, -ie, -heit, -keit, -ik, -sion, -tion, -sis, -t盲t, -ung, -ur, schaft
Neuter: -chen, -lein, -icht, -il, -it, -ma, -ment, -tel, -tum, -um
2. How to Know Which Case to Use
The case of each noun in a sentence indicates what role it is playing in the sentence and therefore also shows its relationship to (i.e. how it鈥檚 interacting with) the other nouns in the sentence.
Think of the four cases as 鈥榮lots鈥 in a sentence that we must/may fill up with nouns.
The general rules of thumb are:
- Always fill up the nominative 鈥榮lot鈥 first — every sentence needs a subject! (and a conjugated verb!)
- Default to filling up the accusative 鈥榮lot鈥 next unless鈥
- If you鈥檙e using a dative verb, preposition, or adjective: the associated noun must be in the dative 鈥榮lot鈥, not the accusative.
- You can pretty much forget about the genitive case.
3. Declension Patterns
You can see in these FOUR declension patterns (<– the ONLY four there are, BTW!) that there is a general preference for using the strong declension as the first priority:
Pattern #1: determiner takes the strong declension; optional adjective(s) take the weak .
Pattern #3: adjective(s) — the only pre-noun word(s) present — take the strong declension.
Pattern #4: determiners (<– only specific plural 鈥榬ule-breaker鈥 ones) take the strong declension (just like pattern #1) 鈥 but the optional adjectives here do, too.
That leaves us with just pattern #2, which is an exception to this general preference for the strong declension taking priority.
Oddball Pattern #2
Pattern #2 is for a handful of exception instances that apply ONLY if an ein-word determiner is used in one of three specific instances.
EIN-word Determiners: ein(a), irgendein (any), kein (not a / any), and all possessives
TIP: if the determiner is not an ein-word, it鈥檚 a der-word by default, e.g. welch- (which), dies- (this), jed- (every), jen- (that)
The distinction between ein-word and der-word determiners matters ONLY in the:
- masculine nominative
- neuter nominative
- neuter accusative
Normally, the strong declension is used first and a weak declension comes second, if at all. This is true for der-words AND ein-words! Usually, they are lumped together as just 鈥榙eterminers.鈥
But 鈥 only ein-words only in those 3 spots behave differently by taking no declension.
Then, if there is an adjective (or multiple), they take the strong declension.
Another way to put it is that pattern #2 is simply pattern #1 shifted over one spot to the left! 鈥 But, again, only for ein-word determiners in 3 specific instances.
Using the All-in-One Declensions Chart
Again, if you know your noun鈥檚 gender & case and which declensions pattern you鈥檙e using, you will be able to pinpoint exactly which declension (strong / weak / none) you need.
Here it is again: the only declensions chart you鈥檒l ever need!
Our declensions rules & patterns from above are easy to see reflected in this chart.
After you know the gender & case of your noun and find that intersection (of row & column) of the chart, you have to pick between 2-3 declensions options for the determiner and/or adjectives.
For example, let鈥檚 say you want to say 鈥The young child is tall!鈥
Step 1: Child = Kind, which is a neuter noun
Step 2: Kind is the subject of the sentence, so we need the nominative case.
Step 3: If we intersect the neuter (green) with the nominative row, we have 3 declension options:
Then, you just need to pick the correct declensions of the three. And 迟丑补迟鈥檚 where we circle back to our 4 declension patterns.
We can take the ideas of the declension rules & patterns and rephrase them a little so that they work as directions for how to use the All-In-One Declensions Chart.
Directions for Using This Chart
Basic Principles:
- Whatever type of word (<– determiner or adjective) comes first (or alone), it takes the declension listed under .
- Since determiners & adjectives don鈥檛 mix, if a determiner is in the strong declension spot, any adjectives that follow have to scoot over to the next spot (weak declensions).
As discussed above, do you see the 3 exception instances when we need to use declension pattern #2 IF (and only if!) an ein-word determiner is being used?
Yes! The 3 listed under the masculine nominative, neuter nominative, and neuter accusative.
Even with the 3 exception cases, these same basic principles apply, just shifted over a position!
Basic Principles (continued):
- If you have an ein-word determiner in one of the 3 exception spots, it takes no declension.
- Any adjective(s) that follow must then be in the very next spot over, which is the strong declension spot!
Something is missing from this chart!
What seems to be missing in the All-In-One Chart?
That鈥檚 right, a lot of 鈥榚鈥檚!
Because the All-In-One Chart replaces a whopping 10 different charts, we have to boil declensions down to their very basics.
In our All-In-One Chart, we鈥檝e listed just the basic declensions shared in common between these 10 total charts you usually have to learn (but no longer have to — hooray!).
And the basics are this: the very last letter.
That is why the All-In-One Declensions Chart has just one letter in each spot.
What you need to remember is:
almost always add an 鈥榚鈥 between the 鈥榬oot鈥 determiner / adjective and the declension.
When to Add 鈥榚鈥
Let鈥檚 say 鈥榯his red apple鈥 in all four cases:
dies- (this) is a 鈥榬oot鈥 determiner
rot- (red) is a 鈥榬oot鈥 adjective
Apfel is a masculine noun: der Apfel
NOTE: the 鈥榚鈥檚 are capitalized so you can clearly see them being added in each time. The declensions are bolded as always.
nominative: diesEr rote Apfel
accusative: diesEn rotEn Apfel
dative: diesEm rotEn Apfel
genitive: diesEs rotEn Apfels
Does it make more sense now when I say that you almost always have to add an 鈥榚鈥 between the root determiner / adjective and the needed declensions?
The dash at the end of 鈥榬oot鈥 determiners & adjectives is where we add all the different declensions, dependent on the gender & case of the following noun.
Just the dies- part is what actually carries the meaning of 鈥榯his鈥. Likewise, just rot- means 鈥榬ed鈥. But without the declensions reflecting gender/case, we couldn鈥檛 use 鈥榯his鈥 or 鈥榬ed鈥 in a German sentence.
When NOT to add 鈥榚鈥
Did you notice above the one time that we did NOT add an 鈥榚鈥 before putting on the declension?
Yep. Here it is: diesEr rote Apfel
Similarly, to say the dark plum, there are no inserted 鈥榚鈥檚: die dunkle Pflaume.
Have you figured out why?
YES! It鈥檚 very simple: if an 鈥榚鈥 is the declension itself, don鈥檛 insert another one!
So, where in our chart is this relevant?
- feminine nominative & accusative, strong & weak declensions
- plural nominative & accusative, strong declensions
- masculine nominative, weak declension
- neuter nominative & accusative, weak declension.
Do you see it in the chart?
All the spots with an 鈥榚鈥 listed as the declensions do NOT need an extra one. Insert an 鈥榚鈥 just in front of all the consonants (m, n, r, s)!
Example
Let鈥檚 look at a two-part example using basic declension pattern #1: determiner + adjective.
Be sure to notice the added 鈥榚鈥檚 before a consonant declension (-r, -n, -m, -s), but not before an -e declension!
Part 1: determiner
Let鈥檚 use ein (鈥榓鈥) in a few gender/case combos. That鈥檚 an important little word! See how the All-In-One Chart helps you know exactly which declensions to put on.
Remember, with our standard rules, our determiner will take the strong declension. BUT specifically ein-word determiners will take no declension in just 3 instances.
Masculine Nominative: ein (no declension: 1 of 3 exception spots)
Masculine Accusative: einen (strong declension)
Feminine Nominative: eine (strong declension)
Feminine Dative: einer (strong declension)
Neuter Accusative: ein (no declension: 1 of 3 exception spots)
Neuter Genitive: eines (strong declension)
Part 2: adjective
Now let鈥檚 put braun (brown) after each of those instances of 鈥榚in鈥 from above.
The adjective will be shifted over one spot from the ein-word determiner! Most of the time, that will mean a weak declension. But in our 3 exception instances, braun will need to take a strong declension.
Masculine Nominative: brauner (strong declension: 1 of 3 exception spots)
Masculine Accusative: braunen (weak declension)
Feminine Nominative: braune (weak declension)
Feminine Dative: braunen (weak declension)
Neuter Accusative: braunes (strong declension: 1 of 3 exception spots)
Neuter Genitive: braunen (weak declension)
Well done! I hope you鈥檙e really starting to see how this All-In-One Declensions Chart will support your German-learning. Learning German can be efficient, effective, and fun after all. 馃榾
Oddballs
There are a couple instances in which the debate between inserting an 鈥榚鈥 or not doesn鈥檛 quite cut it. Do you know what I鈥檓 talking about?
Well done. When we鈥檙e dealing with definite articles (鈥榯he鈥), sometimes we have to insert a different vowel!
Think of it this way:
- All our definite articles (鈥榯he鈥) are 3-letter words that start with 鈥榙鈥 (<– the 鈥榬oot鈥).
- All of them end with whatever the strong declension is (<– standard rule).
- Most of them have an 鈥榚鈥 inserted in the middle (der, den, dem, des)
So 鈥 which versions of 鈥榯he鈥 take different vowels?
- feminine nominative & accusative: die, with an 鈥榠鈥
- plural nominative & accusative: die
- neuter nominative & accusative: das, with an 鈥榓鈥
Summary
There are two special words you need to remember: die and das.
- These versions of 鈥榯he鈥 take different vowels in front of the regular declensions.
- And this applies to just 6 (out of 35) spots on the chart.
Then, remember that all weak declensions that are just -e won鈥檛 take an extra 鈥榚鈥.
That leaves all the rest of the time: insert an 鈥榚鈥 between the 鈥榬oot鈥 word (determiner or adjective) before putting on the supplied declension from the chart.
Special Situations
The All-In-One Declensions Chart can feel a little complicated until you get the hang of it, I know.
Trust me: learning how to work with it will still save you heaps of time and energy compared to working with ten different charts!
There are several last things you need to learn about in order to use the All-In-One Declensions Chart like a master:
- Nouns themselves that take declensions
- Zero Words (special determiners that don鈥檛 ever take declensions!)
- Certain words that have multiple functions
- A special rule-breaking declensions pattern used with plural nouns
- The word 鈥榓濒濒鈥 is a bit in a class all its own.
Special Situation #1: Declined Nouns
Dative plural nouns
ALL plural nouns in the dative case add an -n to the end of them IF there鈥檚 not one there already OR unless the plural form is -s (e.g. with foreign nouns):
nominative plural: die Kinder (the children) 鈫 dative plural: den Kindern
BUT
nominative plural: die Wagen (the cars) 鈫 dative plural: den Wagen
nominative plural: die Autos (also 鈥榯he cars鈥) 鈫 dative plural: den Autos
Here’s another example with a dative plural noun.
Masculine & neuter nouns in the genitive case
In the genitive case only, masculine & neuter nouns take an 鈥榮鈥 or 鈥榚s鈥 at the end of them:
des Vaters, des Kindes.
鈥榃eak鈥 masculine nouns
There is no good reason why the terminology is 鈥榳eak鈥 masculine nouns, but anyway, here is how it works:
There is a group of masculine nouns that take an -en declension in every case except in the nominative, for example:
nominative: der Student
accusative: den Studenten (<– singular! compare with die Studenten, plural!)
dative: dem Studenten (<– singular! compare with den Studenten, plural!)
genitive: des Studenten (<– note: NO extra -(e)s for these 鈥榳eak鈥 nouns in the genitive!*)
Most of the 鈥榳eak鈥 masculine nouns refer to male people or animals. Notice that many nouns end with -e OR with a suffix of foreign origin (e.g. -arch, -ist, -om):
der Bauer (farmer)
der Affe (monkey)
der L枚we (lion)
der Experte (expert)
der Junge (boy)
der Kunde (customer)
der Nachbar (neighbor)
der Russe (Russian)
der Jude (Jew)
der Monarch (monarch)
der Komponist (composer)
der Astronom (astronomer)
Mensch (person)
叠盲谤 (bear)
Christ (male Christian)
Herr (sir)
Elefant (elephant)
Bauer (farmer)
Held (hero)
NOTE: Other less common examples include Prinz (prince), Narr (fool), Ochs (ox), Fink (finch), Spatz (sparrow), Pfau (peacock).
Of course, all of those nouns ^^ would have female variants, too; but those do not apply to our special situation! (Read more on female noun variants).
*There is a short list of 鈥榳eak鈥 masculine nouns that add the -n and THEN an -s in the genitive, as per regular rules:
der Buchstabe (letter of the alphabet)
der Friede (peace)
der Funke (spark)
der Gedanke (thought)
der Glaub (belief)
der Name (name)
der Same (seed)
der Wille (will)
There is even ONE neuter noun that is semi-鈥榳eak鈥: das Herz (苍辞尘)鈫 das Herz (acc) 鈫 dem Herzen (dat) 鈫 des Herzens (gen)
Notes:
- 鈥榳eak鈥 masculine nouns do NOT decline if they are used without a determiner, e.g. Das Problem war f眉r Arzt und Patient verbl眉ffend (The problem was puzzling to [both the] doctor and [the] patient).
- of course, in colloquial German, many 鈥榳eak鈥 masculine nouns are treated as totally normal nouns (i.e. not declined), e.g. der Student 鈫 den Student 鈫 dem Student 鈫 des Students.
Special Situation #2: Zero Words
ZERO WORDS: a special set of determiners that takes zero (i.e. no) declensions, no matter where in the chart they are used.
Think of the three special instances on our Chart where there is a listed.
That symbol reminds us that specifically ein-word determiners will take no declensions in those spots (masculine nominative, neuter nominative, neuter accusative) and that adjectives (if present) will take the strong declension.
Well, now just imagine that you can use a zero word anywhere in the Chart and it functions the same way:
RULE: If using a zero word (which takes no declension), any following adjectives take strong declensions.
There are a few strictly Zero Words used with singular nouns:
ein bisschen / ein wenig (a little)
etwas (some)
nichts (nothing)
genug (enough)
lauter (only, nothing but)
dergleichen / derlei (suchlike, that kind / sort of)
And a strictly Zero Word used with plural nouns:
ein paar (a couple of, a few)
Examples:
Bitte schenk mir etwas hei脽es Wasser ein! (Please pour me [into my cup] a little hot water!).
Auf genug Zeit kommt es nicht dran (It doesn鈥檛 have anything to do with having enough time).
Ein paar flei脽ige Studenten meldeten sich (A couple hard-working students raised their hands).
There are some determiners that function as zero words in the singular, but as determiners (that do take declensions!) in the plural, which leads straight into our next special situation:
Special Situation #3: Words With Multiple Functions
There is a large body of German words that can function differently — sometimes as a determiner / pronoun, other times as an adjective, or as a zero word (always in the singular except for all- which can be a zero word in the singular OR plural 鈫 keep reading!).
Of course, the role of the word in the given phrase impacts which declension (if any) it must take!
Determiner / Zero Word
As you can see in the following huge table, here are several words that function as zero words in the singular AND as determiners in the plural:
wenig(-) (a little)
viel(-) (a lot)
manch(-) (many)
solch(-) (such)
all(-) (all)*
*Also functions as a zero word in the plural (See below for more).
TABLE CORRECTION: ‘Zero Words’ used in the singular are followed by modifiers taking the strong declension except that solch- and manch- may be followed by an ein-word, which must follow our regular rules regarding declension pattern #1 vs. #2.
So, for example, one would say ‘Solch ein Fehler wird nie wieder vorkommen.’ (declension pattern #2) but ‘Solch eine 脺berraschung kommt nicht oft vor!’ (declension pattern #1).
Likewise, one would say ‘Manch ein Mann versteht das nicht,’ but ‘Manch eine Frau versteht das nicht.’
Here are a few examples of these words functioning as zero words:
Mit wenig 枚der Arbeit kannst du …
(You can … with [just a] little tedious work).
Viel flauschiger Schnee liegt auf dem Dach
(A lot of fluffy snow lay on top of the roof).
Solch ein Fehler wird nicht wieder vorkommen.
(Such a mistake won鈥檛 happen again!).
And here are some similar examples, but with the words functioning as plural determiners:
Wenige Arbeiter werden gebraucht.
(Few workers are needed).
Viele Schneest眉rme werden 眉bers Wochenende erwartet.
(Many snowstorms are expected over the weekend).
Solche Fehler mache ich immer wieder!
(I鈥檓 repeatedly making such mistakes [as these]!)
Determiners / Pronouns
Notice that anything listed in the table as a determiner is also a pronoun!
Determiners / Pronouns will all take strong declensions as per our standard rules & basic declension pattern #1 that follows from them.
Determiners vs. Pronouns is a worthy distinction in that they each play a different grammatical role in a given sentence.
For example:
Determiner: Solche Schuhe finde ich ganz sch枚n (I think shoes such as these are really lovely).
Pronoun: Welche Schuhe m枚chtest du? –Solche! (Which shoes do you want? –Ones like these!)
BUT! Determiners vs. Pronouns take the same declensions (like you can see in the above examples ^^) except in a handful of special instances (covered soon).
So, for our purposes (<– since we鈥檙e not linguists), we don鈥檛 really care about the technical distinction. We care about the functional sameness! 馃榾
The ONLY time the determiners vs. pronouns distinction matters is with ein-words: ein, kein, irgendein, and all of the possessives.
Ein-words used as determiners decline using our special 3 no declension instances listed in our All-In-One Chart:
But ein-words used as pronouns will use ALL the regular, strong declensions — no exceptions!
Example:
Determiner: Einen blauen Rock h盲tte ich gerne! (I鈥檇 like a blue skirt)
Pronoun: So einen! [points to a blue skirt] (One [replacing 鈥榓 blue skirt鈥橾 like this!).
Determiner / Adjective
You can see the in massive table that there are also many words that can function as either a plural determiner or as an adjective (in front of a plural noun).
NOTE: the determiner ein is our only exception case: it is a singular, not plural, determiner; as an adjective, it works like this: Das eine Buch, das ich dieses Jahr gelesen habe 鈥 (The one book I read this year 鈥)
- A plural determiner or a stand-alone (declensions pattern #2) adjective would take the strong declension.
- BUT! If the adjective follows a determiner (declensions pattern #1), it will need a weak declension!
Examples:
Viele Studenten rauchen
(Many students smoke).
Die vielen Studenten die rauchen….
(The many students who smoke 鈥)
Special Situation #4: Plural Determiners
When we deal with singular nouns, we have to split determiners into 2 groups: ein-words and der-words (remember: this distinction matters only in our 3 exception spots — the rest of the time, a determiner is just a determiner!).
In the plural, we still have two distinct categories of determiners: one that always follows the rules (like der-words) and one that is all about exceptions (like ein-words). 鈫 For more discussion on this point, read my study tips below.
RULE: Regular Determiners take strong declensions. Any following adjective(s) take weak.
Regular Determiners:
All- (all [covered in depth below!])
Welch- (which)
Irgendwelch- (any)
Die/ Der (the)
Solch- (such)
Beid- (both)
厂盲尘迟濒颈肠丑- (鈥榚ach and every鈥 鈫 more defineable than 鈥榓濒濒鈥)
Kein- (no, not any)
Possessives (e.g. my, your, etc.)
Now, did you notice some words in that huge table that have an * in front of them? Here, look again:
Those * in the table mark the rulebreaking plural determiners!
RULE: Rulebreaker Determiners also take strong declensions (as per normal) BUT they require that any following adjective(s) take strong declensions, too (<– which is weird).
Example: Einige amerikanische (NOT einige amerikanischeN) Studenten lernen Deutsch (Some American students learn German).
In contrast to the regular determiners that are similar to the concept of der-words, these rulebreakers are akin to ein-words: they are indefinite, or, in other words, more vague.
Rulebreaker Determiners:
etlich- (quite a lot of)
verschieden- (various, different)
zahlreich- (numerous)
folgend- (following)
manch- (some, many)
wenig- (few)
ander- (other, different)
einig- (some)
mehrer- (multiple)
viel- (a lot of)
TIP: Because the plural dative strong & weak declensions are identical, you don鈥檛 in that instance have to worry about if a determiner is regular or a rulebreaker — it doesn鈥檛 make a difference.
Special Situation #5: all-
Like all zero words in the table, all- can function also function as a regular determiner / pronoun.
What鈥檚 weird about its zero word status, though, is that all- can be used as a zero word in the singular or in the plural.
Zero Word Examples:
In the singular:
All das schlechte Wetter macht mir schlechte Laune!
Notice: all-, of course, has no declension. The determiner takes the strong declension and the adjective the weak one listed for the neuter nominative and as per declension pattern #1.
In the plural (note the optional 鈥榚鈥):
All(e) unaufrichtige Angebote lehne ich ab (I reject all insincere offers).
Notice: the adjective unaufrichtig- has the strong plural accusative declension!
All as a regular determiner (in the plural ONLY):
Der Freundschaftsbruch [plural nominative] hat alle guten Erinnerungen vernichtet (The breakup of the friendship destroyed all the good memories).
Notice the strong declension on all- and the weak one on gut-!
Main Takeaways
- German is an inflected language that uses declensions to indicate the case of each noun (who is doing what to whom) in any given sentence.
- Since German nouns also have gender, this feature also has to be taken into account when figuring out the right declensions to use in each situation.
- It is specifically determiners & adjectives (the words that come in front of nouns)that take declensions that indicate the noun鈥檚 gender & case.
- There are strong and weak declensions AND also 3 instances when no declension is used.
- Declensions follow two standard patterns, and then there鈥檚 a 3rd exception pattern that occurs in just 3 instances.
- Rather than studying 10 different charts of various words with their attached declensions, you can memorize just ONE chart of declensions only and learn the simple rules for how to know when to use which one.
- Zero words are special determiners that do not take declensions anywhere on the chart!
- Some plural determiners break our standard rules by taking strong declensions AND requiring that any following adjectives take strong declensions, too.
- Some words have multiple functions (possible options: zero word, determiner / pronoun, adjective).
Study Tips
For once, I really only have one study tip: USE THE ALL-IN-ONE DECLENSIONS CHART! 馃檪
Forget about the others. You don鈥檛 need them. They鈥檙e confusing. They make distinctions that aren鈥檛 useful. And they tediously repeat the bulk of the information anyway.
Using the provided examples as a reference, practice plugging in various determiners and/or adjectives (in one of the 4 declensions patterns, of course!) until you surprise yourself by having the whole chart of declensions memorized. It鈥檒l happen!
SPECIAL NOTES ON PLURAL DETERMINERS (and how to remember which is which):
In a way, we could think of the regular plural determiners as being like der-words (like 鈥榯his鈥 and 鈥榯hat鈥) because they are more specific, more definable, more definite.
HOWEVER, notice that all of the traditional ein-words (except 鈥榓鈥, which you can鈥檛 say with a plural noun!) are on this list, too: kein, all the possessives, and irgendwelch- (which is akin to irgendein-).
The normal way of categorizing der- vs. ein-words for singular nouns has nothing to do with how specific or vague the determiner is. But in the plural, 迟丑补迟鈥檚 what it鈥檚 all about!
If you don鈥檛 like repurposing the same vocabulary of der- and ein-words like this, that is totally fine (and understandable, too).
Maybe you want to repurpose the terms definite and indefinite. Or use concrete vs. abstract. Or specific vs. vague. That鈥檚 all up to you and whatever makes the most sense in your brain!
I just want you to notice the distinction here between the regular determiners (specific) vs. the rulebreakers (vague). And then I recommend coming up with some way to help yourself remember which determiners belong to which category.
NOTE: the two words that seem (to different extents) to break this pattern of specific vs. vague are irgendwelch- (regular determiner) and folgend- (rulebreaker).
In a way, irgendwelch- seems vague — it does mean 鈥榓ny鈥 after all! — but if you think of it in context, as in, Any of those methods would be fine with me, 鈥榓ny鈥 is actually delineating a specific, limited number [of methods].
However, I don鈥檛 have any good explanation for folgend-. :-p It really does just break our nice little pattern (darn!). It鈥檚 specific, not vague, and there鈥檚 no two ways about it. Ah well!